Components of Science Planning Essay

There are five essential components of scientific inquiry teaching that introduce students to many important aspects of science while helping them to develop a clearer and deeper knowledge of some particular science concept and/or process. Research has demonstrated that student involvement in the inquiry process provides a much needed connection and ownership of scientific investigations that will lead to a deeper conceptual knowledge about the content. Inquiry can be labeled as â€Å"partial† or â€Å"full† and refers to the proportion of a sequence of learning experiences that is inquiry-based. For example, when a textbook doesn’t engage students with a question, but begins with an experiment, an essential element of inquiry is missing and the inquiry is said to be partial. Also, inquiry is partial if a teacher chooses to demonstrate how something works rather than have the students explore it on their own and develop questions and explanations. What is important is that at least some of the components of inquiry are present within classroom hands-on experiences and hands-on does not necessarily guarantee inquiry. If all five elements of classroom inquiry are present, the inquiry is said to be full, however each component may vary depending on amount of structure a teacher builds into an activity or the extent to which students initiate and design an investigation. How does a teacher decide how much guidance to provide in an inquiry-based activity? The key element is in the intended outcomes. Whether the teacher wants the students to learn a particular concept, acquire certain inquiry abilities, or develop understandings about scientific inquiry influences the nature of the inquiry. In some instances partial inquiry may be more appropriate than a full inquiry-based experience. Teachers need to make meaningful decisions about how to best deliver the curriculum. The Five Essential Components to Inquiry 1. Learners are engaged by scientifically oriented questions. Scientists may pose two types of questions. They may propose â€Å"why† questions such as â€Å"Why do objects fall toward the Earth?† or â€Å"Why do humans have chambered hearts?† Many of these types of questions can’t be addressed by science. Then there are the â€Å"how† questions such as â€Å"How does sunlight help plant grow?† or â€Å"How are crystals formed?† which can. Students may ask â€Å"why† questions that can be turned into â€Å"how† questions and thus lend themselves to scientific inquiry. The initial question can originate from the learner or the teacher. Purposeful questions can be answered by students’ observations and scientific knowledge they obtain from reliable sources. Skillful teachers help students focus their questions so that they can experience both interesting and productive investigations. Teachers can provide opportunities that invite student questions by demonstrating a phenomenon or having them engage in an open investigation. Sometimes, questions will develop from students’ observations. Other times, the teacher provides the question. Either way, questions must be able to be investigated in a classroom setting. Teachers will likely have to modify student questions into ones that can be answered by students with the resources available, while being mindful of the curriculum. 2. Learners give priority to evidence, allowing them to develop and evaluate explanations that address scientifically-oriented questions. Science uses empirical evidence as the basis for explanations about how the natural world works. Importance is placed on getting accurate data and from observations. To make observations, scientists take measurements in natural settings, or in laboratories. The accuracy of the evidence collected is verified by checking measurements, repeating the observations, or gathering different kinds of data related to the same phenomenon. Evidence collected is then subject to questioning and further investigations. Within the classroom setting, students should follow similar guidelines during their laboratory experiences. 3. Learners formulate explanations form evidence to address scientifically oriented questions. Scientific explanations should be based on reason. They provide causes for effects and establish relationships based on evidence and logical argument and must be consistent with the observations and evidence collected. Explanations are ways to learn what is unfamiliar by relating what is observed to what is already known. For science, this means building upon the existing knowledge base. For students, this means building new ideas upon their current prior knowledge and understandings. 4. Learners evaluate their explanations in light of alternative explanations, particularly those reflecting scientific understanding. Evaluation, and possible elimination or revision of explanations, is one feature that distinguishes scientific from other forms of inquiry and subsequent explanations. Examples of questions one may ask are: â€Å"Does the evidence support the proposed explanations?†, or â€Å"Can other reasonable explanations be derived for the evidence?† An essential component of this characteristic is ensuring that students make the connection between their results and scientific knowledge. 5. Learners communicate and justify their proposed explanations. Scientists communicate their results in such a way that their results can be reproduced. This requires clear articulation of the question, procedures, evidence, proposed explanation, and review of alternative explanations. Having students share their explanations provides others the opportunity to ask questions, examine evidence, identify faulty reasoning, point out statements that go beyond the evidence, and suggest alternative explanations for the same observations. As a result of this communication, students can resolve contradictions and solidify an empirically based argument.

How to Become a Good Parent

In this world, parents consider as torchlight for their children. Parents try to do everything for their children whether it is hard or easy for them. Parents gave them directions how to start their new life by themselves. To become a good parent, a person must have all good qualities which are necessary for their children. There are various steps to become a good parent. The first step is to always take care of your children properly. Parents need to give food to children at proper time in an adequate amount. Never leave them alone till age of maturity. Always keep an eye on their daily activities. Parents also need to take information about their children such as who are their friends in schools and neighborhood. They must find out are they good natured students? The second step is that parents must tell their children what is good for them or what is bad. In this way, children can remain safe without anybody else’s care. If children have already known about bad things, they never do any bad habits. They will always remain far away from bad habits like smoking and gambling. Sometimes, some students start to do bad habits because nobody told them the difference between good and bad. However, parents must tell the disadvantages of bad habits to their children. The third step is to help them in their study. Parents always help their children at the time of any difficulty in their study. Also parents need to decide whether or not children need part-time tutor for their homework. If parents can’t help their children in any difficulties regarding studies, they need to ask the teacher to teach them again on parent’s day. The fourth step is to show your love and also gave them examples of their life experiences. Parents should not shout at their children in front of others. If they will be doing this, children felt their insult and it will lessen their love towards parents. Parents should always teach them in positive way which means with a lot of love. Parents never put so many burdens on their children so that they will become like a burning candle, for example- job along with study, house responsibilities. The fifth step is to teach children, how to survive in this complicated world. Parents teach their children, how to face the difficulties in their life. The guidance and motivation always remains in the mind of children forever because they learned guidance during growing up. Parents must teach their children to think deeply before doing anything, for example- While taking any decision regarding their life goals. In conclusion, by following these steps which are take care, recognizing of bad and good habits, helping them in their study, love, a person can become a good parent. These steps will make a good parent for children who are going to start a new life. The past experiences of parents become lessons for their children in future.

Women and Gender Studies: the Yellow Wallpaper

The stories of The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Room of One’s Own by Virgina Woolf are important to view in their historical contexts. Both novels demonstrate that there are limits placed on women that prevent them from living complete lives. This demeans women and does not give them the same rights and privileges as men. The Yellow Wallpaper demonstrates the attitudes during the nineteenth century that concern female mental and psychical health.Whereas A Room of One’s Own explores whether women are capable of writing great literature and the obstacles that they are faced. Each story demonstrates an common idea that women are viewed as unequal to men and that they must work a lot harder to achieve the respect they wish to gain. Within each of these two novels the authors place the settings with great relevance to the stories morals. Within The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator uses the wallpaper to symbolize an interpretation of something that affects her directly.As the story goes on, the wallpaper gains more and more significance. In the beginning it seems unpleasant, as it is ripped and is an â€Å"unclean yellow† (pg. 2). The pattern of the wallpaper fascinates the narrator due to its formless pattern, which the narrator tries to figure out how it is organized. She does so for hours and hours until she sees a ghostly pattern which one can only see in certain light. Once this pattern comes into focus she sees a desperate women who is looking for an escape from behind the main pattern, this resembles the bars of a cage.The narrator sees many women behind these bars trying to escape. This wallpaper represents the structure of women lives, their families and tradition. Gilman uses the wallpaper to show the domestic lives of many women who are trapped in their roles. Like wise to A Room of One’s Own, Woolf describes throughout her narrative that every women needs a room of their own, something that women are able to enjoy without any question by men. This room provides a woman with time and space to write and do things they are passionate about.During Woolf’s time, women very rarely enjoyed these types of luxuries. Women’s art was unable to be shown because women did not have a safe space to express themselves. She used the room as a symbol for much larger issues such as a women’s privacy, independence and the inequalities between men and women. As Woolf says within the story, until these inequalities are gone, women will remain as second-class and all of their literary achievements will go unnoticed. There are many gender inequalities presented within society even today.Within these two stories the inequalities between men and women are significant in the authors writing. Throughout The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman allows her readers to view the position of women within marriage and their economic dependence on men. when this story was officially published, people took it as a tale about women not a true reality of what women faced. With the domestic functions of a female and active work of males, women are remained as second-class citizens. This story reveals that gender division keeps women from achieving their full potential.John’s assumption that he is superior leads him in the misjudgement of his wife as he tries to â€Å"help† her. The narrator has no input into her own life and the only place she can control anything is within her mind. Inequality is also found throughout A Room of One’s Own, women are treated unequal within the narrators society as they have produced less literature then men. The narrator creates a women named Judith Shakespeare, who is the twin sister of William Shakespeare. She does so to show how society discriminates against women.Judith is seen to be equally as talented as her brother William but because of her gender she is not encouraged by their family and society. As Judith writes she is secr etive and feels very ashamed for writing. Men have dominance over women as shown throughout both stories, when Judith asks her father to not be married; her father beats her until she eventually commits suicide. Due to women being treated so differently, Woolf shows that even though Judith is just as talented as William she will never be as successful because she is a woman.The Yellow Wallpaper is a type of story where the narrator writes to herself. Her descent into madness is both seen subjectively and objectively as the narrator portrays. If Gilman had told her story in a traditions first-person narration the events that are from inside the narrators head would not be able to be told and the reader would not know what she is thinking, and the women inside the wallpaper might seem to actually exist. If told in third-person narrative then the political symbolism would not be seen.Gilman also uses a journal to give the story intimacy and allow the narrator to put down thoughts and f eelings. Whereas in A Room of One’s Own, the author gives the narrator a place where she can write what she thinks without any input or bother from society. A place for women to put down their thoughts and express themselves. The Yellow Wallpaper demonstrates the nineteenth century attitudes concerning female physical and mental health. The narrator is confined to a room where she was driven mad. With the use of symbolism, Gilman allows the reader to see how women were treated and how unequal society may be.A Room of One’s Own explores whether women were capable f writing great literature and demonstrated obstacles that a female writer is faced with. Woolf confronts many aspects of being female ans the idea of madness. According to Woolf, a woman needs a room of her own in order to express herself through literature. Both novels demonstrate that there are limits placed on women that prevent them from living complete lives. This demeans women and does not give them the same rights and privileges as men.

A Critical Review of the Use of Dogs in the US Army During the WWII Essay

A Critical Review of the Use of Dogs in the US Army During the WWII - Essay Example In the past, the main of role of trained dogs was that that of sentries or patrols. But in modern warfare, dogs had been used the most tactfully. Though in post modern warfare, dogs’ role has mostly been replaced by modern technology, they played a crucial role in the US Army during the Second World War (Blumenstock pars. 2). After the attack on Pearl Harbor Navy Base in December 7, 1941, the US Army led a campaign to inspire the pet-owners to donate their dogs to the army-training camps. The US Army named this campaign as â€Å"Dogs for Defense†. In order to inspire the owner, they further claimed that the dogs would be trained to be accustomed into civil life after the war. Indeed, it was the beginning of the dog-squad in the US military. Subsequently, martial dog training programs were adopted and, in the meantime, a number of dog-training centers were established to facilitate the programs around the country (MWD History, pars. 2). Some of the dog-training centers w ere Gulfport, Fort Carson, Rimini, San Carlos, Fort Washington, Fort Riley, Fort Belvoir, Fort Robinson, Nebraska Camp, Beltsville, etc. During the Second World War, the US Army used dog to perform a number of risky as well as routine jobs. According to the types of breed and performance, the dogs were to be sled dogs, sentry, scouts, mine-detecting dogs, wire-layer, pack-pullers, and messenger dogs. The military training of a dog used to take 8-12 week to be fully trained. By late 1944, the Army selected about seven breeds of dogs to receive the highest performances in war-fields. Among these breeds were German Shepherd, Doberman Pinscher, Collie, Belgian Sheep dog, Eskimo, Alaskan Malamute, Siberian Husky, etc. During the Second World War, the German Shepherd was the most preferred choice in the army because of its courage, strong sense of responsibility, keen nose, strength, adaptability and trainability. Doberman Pinscher was second to German Shepherd in terms of strength, nervo us power, speed, sensing power, and tractability. Collie and Belgian Sheep dogs were mainly used as messengers for their loyalty, alertness, endurance and agility. Muscular and sturdy breeds were generally used for pack-pull and wire-laying jobs. Alaskan Malamute, Eskimo and Siberian Husky belonged to this group. Among these three breeds, Siberian Husky was the most desired type because of their speed and endurance. During the war, the US dog-squad’s performance was surprising (Blumenstock pars. 2-4). Due to their high sensibility, loyalty and alertness, the military dogs were the preferred options for the soldiers in many war fields. There were many fields where dogs were more skillful performers than the soldiers. During the WWII, the war-theater-wise performance of the US military dogs was great. The dogs showed great performances mainly in two theaters: the pacific theater and the European theater. In 1944, under the command of William W. Putney, the â€Å"3rd Marine War Dog Platoon† played a crucial role in the liberation of Guam from the Japanese occupation. According to the MWD, approved and led by the US Congress, â€Å"Twenty-five of Lieutenant Putney's war dogs gave their lives in the liberation of Guam and were buried there in a War Dog Cemetery with name markers† (MWD History, pars. 2). In the war-field of Guam, the Doberman Pincers breed showed a great performance in guarding and scouting along the frontline of the war. Evading the enemies’ eye, they successfully worked as messengers between the US camps. Several of the success stories are as following: In February 17, 1945, a war-dog called Bruce saved two wounded soldiers from the attack of three Japanese infantrymen. During the nocturnal

Hacking Exposed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hacking Exposed - Essay Example Similarly, he could acquire social security numbers of many persons at reputed ranks. Lamo misused Times’ LexisNexis account with intent to conduct some researches on various high profile subjects. In the words of Poulsen (2002), Lamo clearly found out ‘seven misconfigured proxy servers’ that acted as the connecting link between public internet and Times’ private intranet. As a result of his discovery; any person, who properly configuring his Web browser could have accessed into Times’ private intranet. Adrian Lamo was a journalism student who was seeking a job. According to the report of Ewalt and Hulme (2004), Lamo thought that hacking high security networks would give him fame so that he could get a reputed job. Therefore, it is obvious that Lamo did not ever think of making money out of act. In most of his hacking cases, he has informed the companies regarding their flows in database. It is reported that Lamo informed The New York Times about the weaker areas of its database and it indicates that his act did not intend to deceive Times. The hacking activity of Lamo at The New York Times indicates that he was a grey hat hacker. Grey hat hackers apply their skills in order to prove their eligibilities and thereby achieve public stature (Grey Hat Hackers).

International service quality (the validity of a mystery shopper) Essay

International service quality (the validity of a mystery shopper) - Essay Example The benefits and drawback, strategic issues in hospitality organizations and recommendations which are later followed by possible improvements suggested with the help of the quality control tool. As the competitiveness kept on rising in the market economy the companies had to come-up with strategies that would always take it to higher position and retain it. The welfare of a company is based on the products it offers, the quality of the products and the main concentration rests upon customer satisfaction. As customers are treated to be the major factor for a company's expansion, there was a necessity to gather feedback and conduct surveys on its own services. The procedure of gathering information in feedback sheets and then appointing few analysts was a lengthier process and was also vulnerable to inappropriate results. This very issue was addressed by appointing a Mystery Shopper. A Mystery Shopper basically makes a purchase at one of the company outlet as a customer (Cybershoppers.co.uk, nd). The services that he was provided with are considered as a feedback to the quality of service at the company's outlet. These results play a vital role in evaluating the company's fun ctioning and helps in stimulating a progress. One of the golden strategies followed by the emperors ca... The services that he was provided with are considered as a feedback to the quality of service at the company's outlet. These results play a vital role in evaluating the company's functioning and helps in stimulating a progress. Validity of a Mystery Shopper One of the golden strategies followed by the emperors can be implemented to obtain the right feedback i.e. by disguising oneself and then checking out the functioning yourself. But these days it is almost impossible to perform this act on our own because of time constraints, so the best way is to appoint a person who can work for the client. But appointing an employee who does, the inspection periodically would always leave an opportunity for the particular outlet of the company to set things right overnight. In the instant generation an approximate of six hours is sufficient to change the complete look of the outlet with the help of instant tools. To avoid such situations and tampering of the reports by some corrupt employees a Mystery Shopper would be the best solution. An approximate of $1 billion is invested in the Mystery Shopping strategy per annum through out the world (Maret, 2005). There is another issue wherein the customers do not wish to spend time on the feedback forms or would try and avoid any sort of personal contacts to invest their time in some other activity than to speak up for the problem and elaborate on it. The easiest way out for a customer would be to pretend that the services are good and avoid further contacts (Mystery-shoppers.co.uk, nd). It basically concentrates the quality of customer services which is the best strategy to gain a grip over the competitors in the market economy though the quality and cost of the product are almost equivalent. Mystery

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 10

Business Ethics - Essay Example Marine Stewardship Council is a nonprofit organization that has dedicated its operations to ensure sustainable fishing (MSC, 1998). Their mission states, that they are focused, contribute towards the health of the oceans and bring about environmental and economic benefit. This paper seeks to discuss the Corporate Social Responsibility undertaken by Walmart and explain the theories by Levy and Kaplans on the same. In addition, the paper will discuss how the initiative has offered opportunities for civil regulation in reference to the Levy and Kaplans framework. MSC was set up in London in 1997. Since MSC was inception, it has experienced rapid growth and focused on its role in promoting sustainable fisheries. The organization is able to counter this through the establishment of concrete criteria and principles for fisheries assessment. To ensure credibility, MSC follows the UNFAO guidelines that govern eco labeling of fish and any products related from the marine capture fisheries. MSC takes the role of an accreditor and facilitator through provision of a framework and guidelines regarding sustainable fishery. Most at times, the organization does not involve itself in the whole physical process of certifying fisheries; they focus on endorsing the list of ASI (Accreditation Services International) for the companies that show capability of engaging in the process. In 2006, Walmart announced the availability of MSC product in their stores. Walmart is one of the largest American multinational retail corporations whose main significance is to help people save money and live better lives within the global context. It came into operation in the early 1960s having been founded by  Douglas McMillon, operates a chain of stores, and warehouses whose main headquarters are in Arkansas. Walmart operates in close to thirty countries all over the world and has various business units  that seek to make a difference in the community.  Moreover, Walmart observes the

Choice a company from the Orbis database write business plan to Essay

Choice a company from the Orbis database write business plan to develope an international opportunity - Essay Example The proposal contains an analysis of the proposed market size, estimated cost involved and associated risk with the same. An analysis of the environment of its home country is significant to configure its international strategies. There can be certain trading barriers which can put hurdles for the organisation to grow globally. Apart from this analysis, it is crucial for a company to enhance its competitive strategies to be ahead of its competitors. A study of the competitors and their strategies has been provided to have an enhanced and sustainable competitive advantage. An insight into the modes of entry will help to zero down on a particular entry mode for Sony to expand its business, cross borders. Overall this business report presents an analysis the global business prospects for Sony. The company operates in the high profit consumer electronics products and gaming systems industry. The company’s production range encompasses digital cameras, semiconductors and walkman stereos (Hoovers, 2010). The company even makes a host of items like game consoles and software. Broadcasting of films, television and other video products are one of their vast operating areas. The company is also involved in music, animation production and marketing and other businesses. Apart of all these global businesses, the company is also engaged in the financial service businesses, but this operational area is confined only to its home country, Japan. To compete in any market, it is very much required for an organisation to possess competitive advantage. A firm needs to identify its competence in the market against its competitors. However, the more important pert is whether the company is able to sustain its competitive advantage. A company with a well placed strategy seeks not only to achieve its competitive advantage against its competitors, but must try to hold one the same. Back in 1946, the company had

Analysis by Comparison and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis by Comparison and Contrast - Essay Example The success of Prezi is based on user friendliness and nonlinear arrangement. PowerPoint uses linear model of approach which involves the use of da straight model of operation. Despite the differences, the two offer exceptional platform for information presentation and sharing leading to the increased graphic definition of the problem. Power point presentation The power point approach uses the linear model of presentation with the data being presented in a slide format that encourages the development of the systematic approach. The slides are in numbers with the main focus being on the presentation of information in a series approach. The success of the information presentation is dependent on the ability to present to hybrid the different text and images in the process developing a conclusive presentation. The slide layout can be chosen by the presenter using the design tab with the layout styles being already. The PowerPoint presentation brings with it a challenge when the amount o f data to be presented is too large. The slide dimensions are thus limiting the number of words and graphic sizes that can fit into the slide. The slide presentation and arrangement become complex when dealing with the problem of a combination of data and text. The stack layout of the slides makes the navigation and editing a single profile approach, with the main focus of the slide being on the presentation. The PowerPoint presentation cannot be shared online with ease owing to it being computer based. The beauty of the approach allows autonomy of each presentation and encourages ease of access. However, when dealing with academic materials that need to be shared, power point offers a poor approach when looking at web information sharing. The success of PowerPoint is dependent on the approach and purpose of the presenter and not the software itself. The beauty of PowerPoint is on the success of offering a variety of printing options for the presenter to sue. Additionally, it offers an opportunity to add support information in the notes section in the main presentation (Anderson-Williams, 2012, p. 47). Despite the success of the PowerPoint presentation software, in depicting the information presented. Several challenges exist in the process of combing several graphic types in to the presentation. The success of PowerPoint in data and information sharing is based on the success of the office suite which is of other support software. However, PowerPoint still needs to be upgrade to support the use of social media and share information. The inability to share information in an open format is impossible, but as a file is possible. Such approaches fin the file format does not allow for accessibility because the user will need to download the data before accessing the information. Prezi The major difference between PowerPoint and Prezi is the approach. Prezi uses anon linear approach that is not applicable in many lectures, but may be applicable to the other situati on such as the combination of the various resources. The nonlinear approach of the presentation software can be harnessed by building up a formidable bank of resources and links that cover the desired topic. The approach makes the situation better because it can bring several options in the presentation. The combination of the various resources on the presentation can then is online and provide the necessary information to all accessing the

Managerial and Cost Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managerial and Cost Accounting - Assignment Example Ross used to influence people only through his teaching inside the classroom. He neither wrote an article or a book in order to influence people like most writer or professors generally do. The author became a research assistant to Mr. Ross in the year 1940 for a second-year course named Control, a course which is a sort of contrast with the traditional Cost Accounting course. Nevertheless, the course became successful as a result of the reputation Mr. Ross has got as an impressive teacher of accounting at Harvard. The first appearance of management accounting in textbooks was, I believe, a first-year accounting text entitled Management Accounting: Text and Cases (Anthony; now Anthony and Reece) published in 1956. This text contained a series of detailed cost-accounting cases. A similar text by Massachusetts Institute of Technology professors appeared at approximately the same time written by Hill and Gordon in the year 1959. In the year 1965, a monograph named Planning and Control S ystems – A Framework for Analysis, written by the author was published by the Harvard Business School. It was the culmination of a series of meetings of the Harvard Business School Control faculty. Unlike most other Harvard Business School publications at that time, it proposed a framework rather than describing the results of a study of actual performance. It was written in the article that there is a contrast between Management Accounting and Cost Accounting.

Ode on a Grecian Urn Essay Example for Free

Ode on a Grecian Urn Essay In the poem Ode on a Grecian Urn, Keats took inspiration from a visit to a museum exhibiting artifacts, one of which is an urn with figures on its surface. The urn depicts scenes taken from ancient Greek life. Intrigued by the Urns beauty and the figures depicted on its sides, Keats was moved to write a poem expressing wonder, admiration, questions and criticisms. Without knowing who these figures are, what they are meant to reflect and to what purpose were they made for, the poet revels in the mystery they represent. The Odes first stanza is filled with wonder and questions; the last stanza has none. Being a piece of art, the urn can speak to its viewers in whatever way it chooses to communicate. In the first stanza of the poem, the writer addresses an ancient urn and reflects on its beauty and what story it can tell. He calls the urn a historian possessing secret knowledge. The writer looks at one group of pictures that seem to be of men pursuing women. He wonders if it was a pursuit among lovers, a struggle between sexes, or a playful episode among the young on a beautiful day. In the next stanza, the poet focuses on another figure on the vase. This time, it portrays a man with his lover, both lying beneath a tree while he plays his pipe. The writer declares that the pipes silent music is sweeter than a mortals music because the former lives through time. While the man and woman cannot kiss because they are frozen in time, they should not despair because their beauty and youth will forever remain. In one stanza, the poet is able to present two contrasting realities. One is that of unfilled longing through eternity, while the other speaks of unfading glory. The odes third stanza reflects the poets general feeling of happiness for the things he observed about the couple described in the previous stanza, as well as the trees surrounding them. The poet is glad for the trees leaves, which will forever be green and remain attached to the branches. The poet is also happy that the man with the pipe will have his songs forever new. He is also happy that the lovers love will last until eternity. Here, the poet laments that mortal love is just the passing of passion. By the time it passes, which it eventually will, there is nothing left. In the fourth stanza of the Ode, the poet turns to examine another picture. This time, it represents villagers leading a young cow, which seems to be a sacrificial offering. He imagines where they have come from and where they are headed for. The poet visualizes empty streets because the citizens have all left to witness the sacrifice. And the streets will forever remain empty for those who have left the town are frozen on their way to the sacrificial place. For the fifth and final stanza, the poet goes back to addressing the urn. He tells the ornamental vase that while it lives and remain forever, the poets generation would have long passed. He ends it with the famous quote that equates beauty with truth. By doing this, the author seems to criticize and admire the urn at the same time. While the poet thinks the urn beautiful, he thinks that that is the only thing it will ever possess. This is the same manner of admiration and criticisms that the poet has vested on the characters found on the urn.

Organizational Performance Essay Example for Free

Organizational Performance Essay Abstract The measurement of organizational performance has undergone changes in relation to its measurement focus. From a uniquely financial perspective, it began to consider other nonfinancial perspectives, as well as to include a cause and effect relation between the operational dimension and the strategic dimension of organizations. Based on this current view, Performance Prism presents itself as a performance measurement system alternative to be used by organizations, with its main focus being the stakeholders in its field of operation. The objective of this study is to present a conceptual approach to the measurement of organizational performance by means of a review of literature, introducing the Performance Prism as the system for this measurement. Besides introducing the entire conceptual structure, based on the authors who proposed the model, Andy Neely and Chris Adams, this paper introduces a theoretical review regarding the concepts of performance measurement, differentiating the new tendencies of new approaches and showing the relation between performance measurement systems and the management of organizational performance. The Performance Prism model presents itself as a new performance measurement system alternative within the current need that goes beyond the financial approach. In relation to the Balanced Scorecard, a broadly used model nowadays, Performance Prism stands out for having a broader aspect with regard to the stakeholders considered, which are the model’s core focus. However, literature shows that the Performance Prism does not stand out yet as a broadly used model in the world. We conclude that this model can contribute towards organizations that seek changes in how they manage performances, mainly due to the fact that most often the stakeholders that belong to the environment in which they are inserted are who  generate the sustainability of these organizations, and therefore it is reasonable that they should be the focus of this organizational performance. Keywords: performance measurement; performance prism; stakeholders. 1. Introduction The measurement of organizational performance has undergone changes in relation to its measurement focus. From a uniquely financial perspective, it began to consider other nonfinancial perspectives, as well as to include a cause and effect relation between the operational dimension and the strategic dimension of organizations. Based on this current view, Performance Prism presents itself as a performance measurement system alternative to be used by organizations, with its main focus being the stakeholders in its field of operation. The objective of this study is to present a conceptual approach to the measurement of organizational performance by means of a review of literature, introducing the Performance Prism as the system for this measurement. 2. Measuring performance in the new context For a long time, performance measurement was focused only on financial  indicators, failing to address other perspectives influencing an organization’s global performance. Eccles (1998) understands that not considering financial indicators as the basis for performance measurement and treating them solely as a single aspect in a broader array of indicators is a requirement for this current competitive environment. Bogan and English (1997) present a differentiation among performance indicators in past and current contexts. Figure 1 shows the indicator set known as â€Å"old performance indicators†, focused on finance. Source: Bogan and English, 1997, p. 60 Figure 1 – Old performance indicators Figure 2 shows the approach with quality seen together with the financial aspects. Currently, other non-financial dimensions are included, as well as stakeholders such as clients and employees. In this context, changes shown in Figures 1 and 2 reflect the transformation of this performance measurement approach using only financial indicators into a set of financial and non-financial indicators. According to Cavenaghi (2001), for years financial performance measurement was seen as the only way, the correct and legitimate way of assessing effectiveness and efficiency in an organization. Drucker (1998) stresses that, regarding performance, it is important to consider the strategic approach that goes over an organization’s internal boundaries, overcoming the vision contemplating cost centers and approaching issues like proprietary and third-party technologies, changes in economy, markets, clients and future targets and financial markets. Source: Bogan and English, 1997, p. 60 Figure 2 – New performance indicators Dornier et al. (2000) see performance indicators as a guide for making investments, defining goals and also benchmarking vs. the actual status, in addition to a facilitating instrument for predicting and reducing uncertainties, identifying high priority actions, helping in engaging and managing staff and being a dynamic tool reflecting the organizations  behavior. For Simons and Dà ¡vila (2000, p. 73), â€Å"classic financial indicators for measuring performance, i.e. return on net assets, return on assets and return on sales, are useful, but are not specifically destined to reflect the company’s quality of work when implementing strategies†. According to Corrà ªa and Caon (2002), traditional corporate performance measurement systems, in addition to focusing almost exclusively on financial indicators, did not support adequate decision making by the executives, since they did not adequately reflect the level in which the organization is being able or unable to reach meet strategic goals. According to Miranda and Silva (2002), any action to be implemented in a company needs follow-up to know to what extent it is progressing regarding defined goals and which corrective actions should be adopted if required. According to these authors, companies need to valorize performance measurement for the following factors: Controlling the companys operating activities; Feeding employees’ incentive systems; and Controlling planning. Thus, performance measurement needs to be a part of the control process, involving strategic, tactic and operating levels, continuously assessing planning and actions implemented under different perspectives, such as clients, processes, collaborators, shareholders and other that can interfere with an organization’s global performance, not solely contemplating the financial perspective. 3. Performance Management and Performance Measurement System To Neely et al. (1995), a performance measurement system must contain individual indicators, but inter-related regarding a specific environment, as shown in Figure 3. According to these authors, when designing a performance measurement system the following aspects must be considered: What performance indicators are to be used? What are they used for? How much will they cost? What benefits will they bring? Source: Neely et al, 1995, p. 81 Figure 3– A structure for the performance measurement system design According to Lebas (1995), measuring performance and managing performance are not separated. He states that there is an interactive process between those two aspects. Performance management is an organizational philosophy supported by performance measurement. According to the author, approach types are different, but in the first case, it is worried with related issues, such as training, incentives, compensation, management style and communication. In the second case, it is aimed at measuring potential, inputs, outputs and deviations. Bititci, Carrie and Mcdevitt (1997) understand the performance measurement system as the information system that represents the core of the performance management process. Figure 4, presents the performance management system according to the authors and the position of the performance measurement system. Source: Bititci, Carrie and Mcdevitt (1997) Figure 4 – The performance management process and the position of the performance measurement system. For these authors, performance management is the process in which a company manages its performance aligned with corporate and functional strategies. The goal of this process is to promote a continuous, proactive control system where functional and corporate strategies are outspread to all business process, activities, tasks, and people and feedback is obtained through a performance measurement system, allowing for an adequate decision making management. According to Martins (1998), the performance management process must be the way in which a company manages performance, aligned with corporate and functional strategies and goals derived from these strategies. According to this author, strong market competitiveness characterizes corporate environment, requiring products with quick technologic innovation  and short life cycles, forcing the performance management to be aligned to these concepts, as presented below:- Acknowledgement of manufacturing  (operations) as the missing link in company strategies and a subsequent source of competitive advantage; Appearance of Total Quality management as a management philosophy – continuous improvement for products and processes; Leaving the mechanistic view of the world for a systemic view; Company aimed at the satisfaction of its stakeholders; Multiple competitive criterions: quality, cost, reliability, time, flexibility, innovation and service; Importance of integrating the company’s supply chain, both external and internal; and Valuing teamwork and proactive decision making, anticipating potential future problems. Regarding the performance measurement system, Martins (1998) sees it in the core of the performance management process, integrating all relevant system information, such as strategy development and review, managerial accounting, management by objectives, nonfinancial performance indicators, bonus incentive structure and individual performance evaluations. For this author, new performance measurement systems must possess the following characteristics: Be aligned with competitive strategy; Contemplate financial and non-financial indicators; Drive and support continuous improvement; Identify trends and advancements; Be clear in cause-effect relationships; Be easily understood by employees; - Encompass the entire supply chain process; Real -time information and be dynamic; and Evaluate the group, not the individual, in addition to influencing the attitude of collaborators. For Corrà ªa and Corrà ªa (2005), performance measurement systems are part of the control and planning cycle, crucial for operations management, provided that performance indicators provide the means for collecting performance data that, after evaluated according to certain standards, support the decision making process. According to these authors, establishing an adequate performance evaluation system is crucial for influencing desired behaviors in people and in operations systems so that certain strategic intentions are more likely to become actions aligned to the desired strategy. Thus, performance measurement systems provide, through a set of information, support for the performance management process, which has a broader approach. When designing  a performance measurement system, one must understand the adoption of me measurements, in terms of acquisition costs, justification and utilization and these must be inter-related, being part of the organization’s planning and control cycle. 4. Performance Prism as a Performance Measurement System Evaluating organizational relationships with its main stakeholders and their links to strategies, processes and competencies can be a way to leverage and improve corporate performance. For Frost (2000), depending on business nature, stakeholders can be external, internal clients, regulation authorities, shareholders and others. This author understands one should consider all stakeholders involved with the organization, to the extent of if one is forgotten in  the management and evaluation system, consequences can be dramatic for the business. â€Å"Our business is to create value for our stakeholders; our first job is to know who those stakeholders are and what they value in our performance† (FROST, 2000, p.31). The Performance Prism was created by Nelly and Adams (2000). These authors proposed the model from the premise that several approaches or methodologies for measuring performance have their own context; nonetheless, they all seek to measure performance. In this conte xt, these authors propose the Performance Prism, stating that it is a broader models, since it considers the five surfaces of a prism. According to Adams and Neely (2003), in the structure of the Performance Prism, stakeholder satisfaction, as well as its contributions act at the core of the search for success in an organization. For the authors, even though process perspectives, strategies and competencies are involved and serving as supporting perspectives to reach stakeholder satisfaction or receive their contribution, as shown in Figure 5, stakeholders are the focal point of Performance Prism. According to Neely, Adams, and Crowe (2001), the model has been applied in a real number of situations. It has also been used in mergers and acquisitions, aimed at improving these processes. Adams and  Neely (2006) understand that the Balanced Scorecard, proposed by Kaplan and Norton (1992), takes only three stakeholders into account: investors, clients and employees. The Performance Prism also considers employees, vendors, intermediaries, regulation authorities and the community. The model considers stakeholder satisfac tion and contribution in a unique way. Source: Adams and Neely (2003) Figure 5 – Performance Prism in action Since this model is derived from the process strategy, thus acknowledging the required competencies, the Performance Prism promotes a more comprehensive approach and stimulates views at a magnified angle, in other business dimensions, where possibly performance is missing in the measurement structure. The result is much more realistic for business leadership (ADAMS; NELLY, 2006). Each of the fine surfaces of the Performance Prism represents a key area crucial to success. The weight of each surface will depend on established strategic goals, such as cost reduction, brand increase, research synergies and others. Figure 6 presents the five surfaces of the Performance Prism model and its approaches. Each surface of the Prism must represent an approach perspective processes, strategies, competencies, contribution and stakeholder satisfaction – in performance measurement. Source: Adams and Neely (2006, p.2) Figure 6– The five surfaces of the Performance Prism model For Adams and Neely (2006), the following are fundamental questions that must be considered when approaching the Performance Prism: a) Who are our key stakeholders and what do they want and need? b) What strategies are we using to meet their needs and desires? c) What processes are needed to put them into practice and reach these strategies? d) What competencies are required to operate and augment these processes? e) What do we want and need from the stakeholders to maintain and develop these competencies? This way, the Performance Prism model, in addition to considering perspectives of processes, strategies and competencies, also considers stakeholders contribution and satisfaction. It focuses on stakeholders involved in the environment of an organization through five perspectives, considering stakeholders satisfaction, stakeholders contribution ad deriving objectives from this process strategy and evaluating inherent competencies to support them. 5. Final Considerations Through the approach mentioned here, developed using a bibliographic research on the theme, it is possible to see that the Performance Prism model is a new alternative as a performance measurement system within the current perspective, going beyond the financial approach. Compared to the Balanced Scorecard, a model widely used currently, the Performance Prism is different because it possesses a broader aspect regarding the considered stakeholders, who are also the core of the model. This model also has a cause-effect relationship structure that follows an orientation from stakeholders demand, over which the strategy is designed, driving processes and competencies for an organization that wants the satisfaction of these stakeholders. Because it is a more recent model, compared to others, consecrated by their application in organizations, the Performance Prism still does not represent a widely used model  worldwide. Nonetheless, it can contribute to organizations seeking changes in the way they manage performance, especially because most of the times, their stakeholders generate the sustainability of these organizations, thus  being only reasonable that are central to the organizational performance. As a recommendation for future studies, it is required to study the application of the Performance Prism in depth, allowing for a review of its adaptability and effectiveness in a larger set of organizations, since there are currently a few cases regarding the application of this model for measuring performance in literature. References ADAMS, Chris.; NEELY, Andy. Using the Performance Prism to Boost the Success of Mergers Acquisitions, Accenture, New York. In: . (out. 2006). ADAMS, Chris.; NEELY, Andy. The New Spectrum: How the Performance Prism Framework Helps, Business Performance Management, Norwalk, nov. 2003. In: . (jul.2007). BITITCI, Umit S.; CARRIE, Allan S.; MCDEVITT, Liam. Techniques integrated performance measurement systems: an audit and development guide. The TQM Magazine. v.9, n.1, p. 46-53, 1997. BOGAN, Christopher E.; ENGLISH, Michael J. Benchmarking: Aplicaà §Ãƒ µes prà ¡ticas e Melhoria Contà ­nua. Sà £o Paulo: Makron Books, 1997. CAVENAGHI, Vagner. Gestà £o do desempenho empresarial: A contribuià §Ãƒ £o da à ¡rea de manufatura. 2001. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Produà §Ãƒ £o) Programa de Pà ³sGraduaà §Ãƒ £o em Engenharia de Produà §Ãƒ £o, USP, Sà £o Paulo. CHIAVENATO, Idalberto; CERQUEIRA NETO, Edgar P. Administraà §Ãƒ £o Estratà ©gica: em busca do desempenho superior, uma abordagem alà ©m do Balanced Scorecard. Sà £o Paulo: Saraiva, 2003. CORRÊA, Henrique L.; CAON, Mauro. Gestà £o de Servià §os, Sà £o Paulo: Atlas, 2002. CORRÊA, Henrique L.; CORRÊA, Carlos A. Administraà §Ãƒ £o de Produà §Ãƒ £o e Operaà §Ãƒ µes: Manufatura e Servià §os: uma abordagem estratà ©gica. Sà £o Paulo: Atlas, 2005. DORNIER, Philippe-Pierre; ERNST, Ricardo; FENDER, Michel; KOUVELIS, Panos. Logà ­stica e Operaà §Ãƒ µes Globais: Textos e Casos. Sà £o Paulo: Atlas, 2000. DRUCKER, Peter F. The Information Executives Truly Need. In: Measuring Corporate Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review, 1998. p. 1-24 ECCLES, Robert G. The Performance Measurement Manifesto. In: Measuring Corporate Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review, 1998. p. 25-45. FROST, Bob. Measuring Performance, Dallas: Measurement International, 2000. KAPLAN, Robert S.; NORTON, David P. The Balanced Scorecard: measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review. p. 71-79, january-february 1992. LEBAS, Michel J. Performance measurement and performance management. International Journal of Production Economics. v. 41, p. 23-35, 1995. MARTINS, Roberto A. Sistemas de Medià §Ãƒ £o de Desempenho: Um modelo para Estruturaà §Ãƒ £o do Uso. 1998. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Produà §Ãƒ £o) Programa de Pà ³sGraduaà §Ãƒ £o em Engenharia de Produà §Ãƒ £o, USP, Sà £o Pa ulo. MENDES, Dilermando P. O Balanced Scorecard como instrumento de avaliaà §Ãƒ £o do nà ­vel de desempenho logà ­stico em uma empresa de prestaà §Ãƒ £o de servià §os. 2002. Dissertaà §Ãƒ £o (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produà §Ãƒ £o) – Programa de Pà ³s-Graduaà §Ãƒ £o em Engenharia de Produà §Ãƒ £o, UFSC, Florianà ³polis. MIRANDA, Luis C.; GOMES DA SILVA, Josà © D. Medià §Ãƒ £o do Desempenho. In: SCHMIDT, Paulo (Org.) Controladoria: Agregando valor para a Empresa. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2002. p. 131-153. NEELY, Andy; GREGORY, Mike; PLATTS, Ken. Performance measurement system design. International Journal of Operations Management. Cambridge, v.14, n.4, p. 81-114, 1995. NEELY, Andy; ADAMS, Chris. Perspectives on Performance: the performance prism. In: Handbook of Performance Measurement. London: Bouine, 2000. NEELY, Andy; ADAMS, Chris; CROWE; Paul. The Performance Prism in Practice. Measuring Business Excellence. v.5, n.2, p. 6-12, 2001. SIMONS, Robert; Dà VILA, Antà ´nio Medindo o Desempenho Empresarial. Rio de Janeiro: Harvard Business Review, Campus, 2000.

Principle Of Material Balance With Chemical Reaction Biology Essay

Principle Of Material Balance With Chemical Reaction Biology Essay The aim of this report is to make use of the principal of material balance with chemical reaction so to able to find out the yield, conversion rate and rate of reaction for the batch process. The hypothesis made in this experiment was when the concentration of sodium hydroxide decreases, the conductivity values also decreases. The steps for conducting this experiment are to prepare the reagents first. Then allow the reaction between the two reactants sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to mix together for reaction. Take note of the time and draw graphs of the reaction and finally find the yield of the reaction. There are two conditions to be studied in this case and it can be determined by the group itself. In this report, the concentration used is 0.01M of ethyl acetate and 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution. The yield calculated was that yield was higher in 0.02M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.01M of ethyl acetate. The rate of reaction is higher also in 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution based on the steepness of the graph. This is because as more molecules react with each other, more product will form at the same time and therefore in average, more product are formed at the same time and hence rate of reaction increase. However, the conductivity value was higher in 0.01M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.02M of ethyl acetate. This happened as more NaOH is being reacted with 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution. When this occurs, the conductivity value decreases as NaOH is a best conductor of electricity among the reactants and if the concentration decreases, the conductivity values also decreases and vice versa. Overall, the hypothesis made and the aim made for this experiment is correct and it also follows the law of material balance with chemical reaction. iii 1. Introduction Background Literature In the process industry, maximizing the yield is important as not only it save cost of production, but also bring more profits to a company. However, maximizing the yield is closely related to the conversion of units and rate of reaction. This is because with the help of the two factors, then maximizing yield could be done possible (Singapore Polytechnic 2009). Much time were set apart in this area at the industry to adjust the factors to optimum factors for the maximum yield it can have. Beside maximum yield, maximum reaction is also required between the reactants. Reaction rate is especially important in the industry as there is a need to know exactly what is the required time needed for the reaction to be complete. It can be calculated by finding the rate of the reaction is going at a constant time and multiply against the amount of reactants used. In this experiment, the main objective is to look at the saponification of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate solution to form the desired product sodium acetate. Overall, the whole experiment wanted the students to get prepared for the fundamentals of material balance with chemical reaction through the reaction between the reactants to get the final product. 1.2 Aim The aim of this experiment is to study and determine the yield, conversion and reaction rate of the starting reagents sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. It helps the students to know how to calculate the yield. 1.3 Hypothesis In this experiment, the main objective is to find out the relationship between the concentration of NaOH and the conductivity values. According to the theory, as the reaction of ethyl acetate increases, conductivity values will decrease and vice versa. 1 2. Theory 2.1 Introduction of Theory In this case, material balance deals with chemical reaction where students associate the product and the reactants. Material balance states that reactant that goes in to react must come out from the system as a product. The law of material balance also states that a system must, by conservation of mass, either leave the system or accumulate within the system. (Wikipedia 12 Dec 2009) The reactants used are sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate by processing it batch wise in a reactor to produce the desired product sodium acetate and the by- product ethanol. 2.2 Saponification Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of an acid This term is normally associated with the reaction of an alkali (normally metal) with a fat compound to form soap. However, only certain lipids that contain ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is also catalyzed by a strong acid or base. (Wikipedia 12 Dec 2009). The alkali that is going to be used is sodium hydroxide solution and the ester that is to be used is ethyl acetate solution. After it had reacted, it will form the product sodium acetate. In the past, saponification also refers as soap making as the properties of the reactants is about the same only with the exception that fats or oil is used instead of the ester ethyl acetate. 2.3 Batch Process Batch process is an operation where a fixed amount of reactants are being fed into the reactor. It is an unsteady state process where the flow rate of the system is not proportional to the time taken to flow. So therefore, the rate where sodium acetate where it is formed is not constant and the rate of accumulation are also not constant. Accumulation consists of either the reactants which had not been used up during the reaction or the product that are being left inside the reactor. The product will stop producing if any of the reactants is used up. The reactant that is being used up first is the limiting reagent. Normally, limiting reagent is the more expensive reagent. Because it can save up cost of production as it is considered wasteful if there is any expensive reagent not used up. Ethyl acetate, being the more expensive reagent, will be the limiting reagent in wise. There are also two equations relating to the batch process. Final Output-Initial Output = Generation Consumption If there is no reaction, Initial Input= Final Output (Product=Reactants) (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2 2.4 Conductivity Conductivity is a measure of an electrolyte of its ability to conduct electricity. (Wikipedia 2009) The S.I unit of conductivity is Siemens per metre (S/m). Conductivity measurements are usually used in many industrial and environmental applications. This is because it has been proven as a fast, inexpensive way of measuring the ionic content of a solution. For example, the measurement of product conductivity is done so by tracing the performance of the water purification system under close monitor. In many cases, conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (T.D.S). High quality deionised water has a conductivity values of about 5.5 lS/m, drinking water is in the range of five-fifty mS/m while sea water is about 5 S/m. The reason why sea water has such high conductivity because of the ionic compounds dissolved in it and all of them are conductor of electricity. The most basic compound dissolved in seawater is table salt, Sodium Chloride. For this experiment, the result that is required is the conductivity of sodium hydroxide solution after reacting with ethyl acetate for a certain period of time. The amount of time set for the reaction is twenty minutes and it can be adjusted accordingly. 2.5 Yield Yield is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. The units of yield can be given in grams or in moles. To be exact, yield is also defined as the mole/s of desired product formed per mole of key reactant fed into the reactor. This experiment also required the students to find out the yield or how much the products it has which is the desired product sodium acetate. Even though ethanol is still considered as a product, it is a by-product and hence the yield is not required to find out. 3 Procedure (Singapore Polytechnic 2009). 3.1 Pre- Assessment activity Before starting the experiment, besides preparing the starting reagents, students have to ensure what are the equipments required for this experiment. After checking it, make sure to rinsed all apparatus with D.I water to ensure no impurities present in any of the equipments. There is also a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) that tell us the nature of NaOH and ethyl acetate. The data sheet also tells us what are the hazards and the safety precaution to take note of for these two compounds. 3.2 How to Prepare the Starting Reactant Firstly, students must read how to handle NaOH and ethyl acetate and the recommended way of disposing these two chemicals. Disposable gloves and chemical goggles is a must as even if the chemical spilled out, the glove will prevent the chemicals from harming the students. 500ml of ethyl acetate is to be prepared at this stage as the concentration is being discussed during the pre- assessment activity. Students may use the measuring cylinder to measure the required volume of both reactants and the volume is the pre-determined during the pre-assessment activity. Then both are being poured into the 500ml volumetric flask respectively. The solutions are to be filled up to the 500ml mark for both reactants. 3.3 Experimental Setup Pour in the NaOH solution to the reactor. Alter the set up condition accordingly by the discussed by the group earlier same as the volume used for the reactants. Make sure it is approved by the lecturer. Remember to record down the reaction of conditions such as the stirring speed of the stirrer, concentrations, temperature and the volume of the reactants. Make sure the conductivity probe is inside the solution. Pour NaOH in first. Then when ethyl acetate solution is poured in, start the timer immediately. Record the value every 1 minute and this goes on up to 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, stop the stirring device and remove the magnetic bar using the magnetic rod. Clean all the equipments properly (e.g. Clean the conductivity probe with D.I water etc). Before doing so, pour all the unwanted solution to the containers respectively. Repeat the experiment again with different condition. Repeat the steps mentioned above. Tidy up the workplace and the experiment is considered done. 4 Results And Calculation 4.1 How to Determine the Yield of Sodium Acetate at 15 Minutes for 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate? The yield of sodium acetate at 15 minutes can be determined by the concentration of NaOH. From the concentration, students can find out the amount of mole of NaOH and also by the molar ratio of NaOH and ethyl acetate. By making use of the results form the procedure, students can also find out the concentration of NaOH and ethyl acetate. Theoretical Mole of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 mol Actual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078mol Number of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100% = 84.4% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005 =0.156 4.2 What Is the Yield When 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate Solution Used At 15 Minutes? Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 mol Actual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085mol Number of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100% = 91.5% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, Actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01 = 0.085 5 4.3 What Is the Rate of Reaction When 0.01M And 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate? Figure 1: Rate of reaction for 0.01M of ethyl acetate Figure:2 Rate of reaction for 0.02M of ethyl acetate 6 4.4 How to Determine Rate Constant The rate constant can also be determined by the graph except by drawing a tangent line against it as the tangent line mean the rate is going at a constant rate. Figure 3: Rate constant for 0.01M of ethyl acetate Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 Ã · 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph) Figure 4: Rate constant of 0.02M of ethyl acetate Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 Ã · 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph) 7 Discussion 5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Constant The factor that may affect rate of constant is temperature of the reactor, concentration of the reactants, pressure or volume of the reactants. Firstly, as temperature rises, it can lead to a higher probability of particles colliding each other. Hence it will increase rate of reaction with an increase of the temperature, the moving speed of the molecules increases, with higher moving speed, it will increase the chances of molecules colliding to each other, therefore increases the rate of reaction. However, during the experiment, the temperature of the reactor was keep constant at a range of 23.5oC which is at room temperature, therefore, temperature was not taken in to account in this experiment. Secondly, concentration of the reactors, with a high concentration of the reactant, the rate of reaction with also increases. This is caused by the increasing number of particles in a reactant. With larger amount of particles, the successful rate of particles colliding in to each other are higher, therefore cater to a faster rate of reaction. However, as we are conducting the experiments, instruction of using a constant concentration of the reactant were told, therefore, concentration of the reactant is also not to be taken in to account. 5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and Yield The equation above have NaOH and ethyl acetate as their reactants and sodium acetate and ethanol as the products formed. As indicated on the lab manual, the amount of NaOH used is fixed at 0.1M, therefore reactant A is ethyl acetate and the desired product is sodium acetate. The factors that affect the yield of the desired product are the volume and concentration of reactant A which are fed in to the reactor. With an increment of both the volume and concentration of reactant A, the number of moles of the reactant will increase. Two experiments were done to prove that volume can cater to a different yield. The first trail of the experiment, the volume of ethyl acetate was set to 0.49cm3 and on the second trial, 0.92cm3. The yield of the product decreased as the volume increased, this was proven as the yield of the second reaction was lower than the first. 8 Factors Affecting Conductivity Values Mainly, there are two main factors that are affecting the conductivity values. There are the speed of the stirrer and rate of reaction. When the speed of the stirrer increases, the conductivity values decreases. This is because it introduces more collisions between the particles and hence more products are formed at the same time. As more NaOH is being converted to sodium acetate, the conductivity value will increase as mainly NaOH is the best conductor of electricity present within the reaction and vice versa. Temperature indeed affects the conductivity values but as the temperature during the reaction is being kept constant, it will not be any of the factors that affect the reaction. Precautions In Experiment There are some precautions taken for the experiment. For example, when handle corrosive or volatile chemicals such as NaOH or ethyl acetate, make sure to wear disposable glove and avoid smelling ethyl acetate as it is a volatile liquid. Also, the smell of ethyl acetate is harmful to our body and when are diluting it, it is best to wear a surgical mask while extracting the pure ethyl acetate solution. While doing the experiment, wear safety goggles at all times to prevent the spurring of the reactants during the chemical reaction. After doing the experiment, also make sure that the magnet is taken out by the magnetic rod and not take it by the hand itself. This is because chemicals present in the beaker may not have reacted completely and traces of reactants may still be found present in the solution. This is a common mistake made by students as some of them will take it out by bare hand after realizing they did not take it out before washing. Comparison between the Yields of Different Concentration of Ethyl Acetate. Yield obtained in 0.01M of ethyl acetate is 78% while yield obtained in 0.02M of ethyl acetate is 85%. After comparing the yield between the two concentrations of ethyl acetate, 0.02M of ethyl acetate tends to have higher yield than 0.01M of ethyl acetate solution. The result is the same as the hypothesis made at the start of the report. This is because as there are more molecules of ethyl acetate present during the reaction. The rate of reaction increases because of the kinetic particle theory. The kinetic particle theory states that as more molecules collide during the reaction, it will form more products. Hence, yield will increase as more products are formed. 9 Comparison between the rates of reaction of different concentration of ethyl acetate. The curve was smoother in 0.01M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.02M of ethyl acetate. This is because with a high concentration of the reactant, the rate of reaction with also increases. This is caused by the increasing number of particles in a reactant. With larger amount of particles, the successful rate of particles colliding in to each other are higher, therefore cater to a faster rate of reaction. Hence, rate of reaction was faster in 0.02M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.01M of ethyl acetate. 10 6. Conclusion In conclusion, the aim that was made at the start of the experiment was successful as students has indeed learnt the fundamentals of material balance that even though the time required to make the product varies with the amount of products, anything that goes in must also get out is the main point that the students learnt. There are many factors that can affect the condition studied. This includes temperature, pressure, volume, rate of reaction, conversion and yield etc. Also, as the NaOH concentration increases, the conductivity values also increases and vice versa. This is the same hypothesis made in this report and therefore it can be concluded that the hypothesis is correct. 11

Analysis of Mary Reilly by Valerie Martin Essay -- Mary Reilly Valerie

Analysis of Mary Reilly by Valerie Martin The book Mary Reilly is the sequel to the famous The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, is a stark, ingeniously woven, engaging novel. That tells the disturbing tale of the dual personality of Dr. Jekyll, a physician. A generous and philanthropic man, his is preoccupied with the problems of good and evil and with the possibility of separating them into two distinct personalities. He develops a drug that transforms him into the demonic Mr. Hyde, in whose person he exhausts all the latent evil in his nature. He also creates an antidote that will restore him into his respectable existence as Dr. Jekyll. Gradually, however, the unmitigated evil of his darker self predominates, until finally he performs an atrocious murder. His saner self determines to curtail those alternations of personality, but he discovers that he is losing control over his transformations, that he slips with increasing frequency into the wo rld of evil. Finally, unable to procure one of the ingredients for the mixture of redemption, and on the verge of being discovered, he commits suicide. Mary Reilly by Valerie Martin, is a powerful and moving novel. It takes the story Dr. Jeckyl and Mr. Hyde, and gives a fresh take on the distinguished Dr. Henry Jekyll and the nefarious Mr. Edward Hyde. It is told through the psyche of a Victorian servant named Mary Reilly. The book's structure purports to be Mary Reilly's diary. The entries articulate Mary Reilly's feelings and experiences while in service for Dr. Henry Jekyll, and how she often empathizes with Dr. Jekyll on his afflictions which she cannot comprehend. As the book progresses Mary Reilly continuously comments on her Masters every changing state of health. Towards the end of the book her mother passes away leaving Mary in grief. Soon after this personal catastrophe, she encounters Mr. Hyde while looking around out side. In this confrontation Mary is bitten on the shoulder by Hyde and is near death when Hyde abruptly ceases his frenzy. Not long after this the body of Mr. Hyde is found dead in Jekyll's laboratory. Naturally two books related to each other in this way have their similarities and differences in certain areas. Most of the similarities between both books fall in the areas of historical correctness and act... ...g, "The next morning I was washing the front steps when Mr. Poole came out the door and spoke to me very coldly. "The Master has sent for you to come to the drawing room," he said , and I knew he was displeased and suspicious, for Master never pays much attention to servants, and hardly knows their names, or so it seems, though that may be partly due to how determined Mr. Poole is to keep Master from any bother having to do with the house and what a free rein has over everything that goes on, including who is hired and let go." This long excerpt says that Poole monopolizes the master's attention, and has influence over the whole house and every thing in it, except for Master. Mary Reilly explained this sort-of servant dictatorship as if she accepted it, not because she had to, but because she was taught to. This excerpt made me feel badly for Mary Reilly because it showed that Mary was content with her life. This is upsetting to me because I think that Mary had potential to be a successful writer rather then a servant. Each excerpt said a totally different thing about the character Poole. Because of the difference of narrator in the descriptions how the excerpts were said is not

A General Theory of Crime Essay -- Crime Theory Essays

Crime is a serious issue in the United States. Research shows that crime is running rampant and its effects are felt in all socioeconomic levels. Each economic class has its own crime rates and types of crime. It is a mistake to think of crime as a lower class problem. Crime is a problem for all people. The lower classes commit crime for survival while the upper class commits crime to supplement capital and maintain control. Research also highlight that middle class crime is the most popular while lower class neighborhoods are deteriorating. This paper will focus on â€Å"A General Theory of Crime† using classical theory (Schmalleger, 2001, p.96-98), such as the relationship between crime and socioeconomic class structure. The essential nature of crime and results of scientific and popular conceptions of crime. In reading the book, there is a broad perspective and comprehensive explanations of crime per se, as well as a breakdown of crime under capitalistic system of government. In doing this the authors explore the typical patterns of crime associated with specific classes and attempts by the state to regulate and control capitalist marketplace activities and working class life. An important theme also highlighted was dynamic and contradictory relationship between the structural reproduction of capitalism and capitalist methods of crime control. The actual patterns of social relations are determined by the economy, institutionalized forms of the state or political power, and associated forms of culture and ideology (Gottfredson, 1998). Modes of behavior and their definition as criminal vary accordingly. Class structure gives rise to different types of criminality, which relate fundamentally to the needs of the dominant minority to control the laboring majority. Such a pattern ensures the continual production of social wealth, but it also ensures a continuation of economic exploitation and class struggle over the distribution of social surplus. Crime is simply one such expression of this class struggle, an endemic feature based upon the functional and dysfunctional characteristics of living in a class-based economic system. There is no perfect way of measuring crime, and it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to know exactly how much crime is going on in any particular jurisdiction at any given time. To a certain extent, crime or criminality is ... ...her and are recognized by many as central to any theoretical discussion of continuity in deviant behavior. Each of these theories implies processes and contingencies by which actors develop, maintain, and change sources of structural, personal, and moral commitment to deviance. More importantly, the commitment framework specifies potential factors that these theories either merely imply or fail to recognize†. (Ulmer 1994) Reference Gottfredson, M.R., Hirschi, T. (1998). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press: Stanford California.83, 118, 158,159, 181, 195 Schmalleger, F. (2001). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text For The Twenty-First Century, 7th Edition. Prentice Hall. 96-98, 116-117 Siegel, L. (2001) Criminology, Theories, Patterns, and Typologies-7th Edition. Wadsworth, a Division of Thomson Learning. 52, 227-228 Ulmer, Jeffery T. (1994). Sociological Quarterly, Summer2000, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p315, 22p, 1 chart. Academic Search Premier Vazsonyi, Alexander T.; Pickering, Lloyd E.; Junger, Marianne; Hessing, Dick (2001). Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, May2001, Vol. 38 Issue 2, p91, 41p, 2 diagrams Academic Search Premier

Application for Finance Position Essay -- Entry Level Finance Cover Le

Tell us about your F&C experiences: At Citigroup, I had to develop a new model to forecast revenues from partnerships, using return on investment ratio as proxy for profitability of the partnership and at Nestlà ©, when setting price and communication strategies, I had to be fully aware and have an understanding about management accounting and the implications of the strategies for the income statement. I feel very comfortable with numbers and I enjoy the challenges associated with financial analysis, which are two of the reasons I am specializing in Corporate Finance. I am convinced that I have achieved the level of financial knowledge required for this position and, as my transcripts will show, my grades - not only, but especially in finance-related courses - are on the top of the class. During my master’s degree, I have: - Conducted several financial analysis using value creation models, NPV and profitability ratios such as ROI, ROE, ROCE and income statement ratios, which also included risk profiling through beta measurements, operational risk and financial risk; - Build financial business models, including accounting statements (Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash Flows and Income Statement) and forecasts; - Valuated companies using DCF, transaction multiples and peer groups methods. Additionally, I have an excellent command of the Microsoft Excel program, including notions of VBA, which you might find valuable for this position. Please indicate your salary expectations (Total package yearly) My research shows me that an adequate salary for this position in Switzerland would be somewhere between CHF70,000 and CHF90,000. However, there are many things to consider: my salary would depend on the responsibilities and d... ...mance, and broadened my understanding of the food-industry sector. Commitment: I have a true desire to improve myself and to transform my ambition, determination and commitment into high performance standards and excellence to every assignment. I have worked for Nestlà © before and I am convinced that it is the perfect employer for me. What is your role will you have to get in 5 years? Most importantly, I want to contribute as much as I can to Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s operations around the world. I want to learn the necessary skills to assume more management responsibilities and new challenges, and to increase the impact I can deliver to Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s customers and projects. I am not looking for a specific future position, but I believe that this position will develop me personally, professionally and technically, allowing me to engage in strategy development and implementation.

Difference Between Necessity and Private Defence Essay

The two grounds of justification known as necessity and private defence are closely related. In both cases the perpetrator protects interests which are of value to her, such as life, physical integrity and property, against threatening danger. The distinctions between these two grounds of justification are the following (Snyman C.R: 2008): (1) the origin of the situation of emergency: Private defence always stems from an unlawful (and therefore human) attack; necessity, on the other hand, may stem either from an unlawful human act, or from chance circumstances, such as natural occurrences. (2) the object at which the act of defence is directed: Private defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack; necessity is directed at either the interests of another innocent third party or merely amounts to a violation of a legal provisio: E.G: X, who has a gun, tells Y that he kidnapped Y’s daughter and orders Y, the bank manager, to use his code to open the safe of the bank and to hand him all the money inside the safe. If Y does not do what he says he, X will kill his daughter. If Y hands him the money he will be harming the bank and therefore act in necessity. If he takes his own gun and shoot X because he knows that X lied and that his daughter is safe, he will be acting in private defence to protect this own and the interest of the bank. The distinction between necessity and private defence is also illustrated by the requirements for the successful plea of the grounds of justification (necessity and private defence). These requirements are described below: NECESSITY A person acts out of necessity – and her conduct is therefore lawful – if she acts in the protection of her own or somebody else’s life, physical integrity, property or other legally recognised interest which is endangered by a threat of harm which has already begun or is immediately threatening and which cannot be averted in any other way; provided that the person who relies on the necessity is not legally compelled to endure the danger, and the interest protected by the act of defence is not out of proportion to the interest threatened by such an act (Burchell, J:2004). This defence arises when a person is confronted with a choice between suffering an injustice and breaking the law. It is regularly used to justify actions in emergencies. One would, for instance, be able to rely on necessity against a charge of speeding when driving a person requiring urgent medical care to hospital. Requirements of Necessity (1) Some legal interest of X, such as her life, physical integrity or property must be threatened. In principle, one should also be able to protect other interests such as dignity, freedom and chastity in a situation of necessity. (2) One can also act in a situation of necessity to protect another’s interest, for example where X protects Z from being attacked by an animal. (3) The emergency must already have begun or be imminent, but must not have terminated, nor be expected in the future only. (4) Whether a person can rely on the defence of necessity if she herself is responsible for the emergency, is a debatable question. In our opinion X should not be precluded from successfully raising this defence merely because she caused the emergency herself. If she were precluded, this would mean that if, because of X’s carelessness, her baby swallowed an overdose of pills, X would not be allowed to exceed the speed limit while rushing the baby to hospital, but would have to resign herself to the child’s dying (compare the facts in Pretorius supra). The two acts, namely the creation of danger and rescue from it, should be separated. If the first act amounts to a crime X can be punished for it, for example where she sets fire to a house and then has to break out of the house to save her own life (Milton, J.R.L:1997). (5) If somebody is legally compelled to endure the danger, she cannot rely on necessity. Persons such as policemen, soldiers and firemen cannot avert the dangers inherent in the exercise of their profession by infringing the rights of innocent parties. Another aspect of this rule is that a person cannot rely on necessity as a defence if what appears to her to be a threat is in fact lawful (human) conduct. Thus it was held in Kibi 1978 (4) SA 173 (EC) that if X is arrested lawfully, he may not damage the police van in which he has been locked up, in order to escape from it. (6) The act committed in necessity is lawful only if it is the only way in which X can avert the threat or danger. Where, for example, Z orders X to kill Y and threatens to kill X if she does not obey, and it appears that X can overcome her dilemma by fleeing, she must flee, and if possible, seek police protection (Bradbury 1967 (1) SA 387 (A) 390). (7) X must be conscious of the fact that an emergency exists, and that she is therefore acting out of necessity. There is no such thing as a chance or accidental act of necessity. If X throws a brick through the window of Y’s house in order to break in, and it later appears that by so doing she has saved Z, who was sleeping in a room filled with poisonous gas, from certain death, X cannot rely on necessity as a defence. (8) The harm occasioned by the defensive act must not be out of proportion to the interest threatened, and therefore X must not cause more harm than is necessary to escape the danger. It is this requirement which is the most important one in practice, and it can also be the most difficult to apply. The protected and the impaired interests are often of a different nature, for example where somebody damages another’s property in protecting her own physical integrity.

Easyinternetcafe Case Essay

Executive Summary: Due to poor financial performance, EasyInternetCafe has decided divert from large cafes to a franchise model with smaller cafà © sizes. Its main goal is also to focus on its core competencies such as the yield management model. In order to do so, it will be outsourcing its non-core competence activities which include logistics. Ingram Micro has been chosen as the logistics provider as they offer more full service activities while remaining at a lower cost than its competitors. By including Ingram Micro in corporate decisions and meetings, EIC can keep Ingram Micro accountable and stay updated with issues as they arise (just as they would if they owned the logistics arm of the Company). Issues Identification: EasyInternetCafe (EIC) was launched in 1999 under the umbrella of the EasyGroup. Their mission is to provide customers with internet access at low costs and to capitalize on the tech boom. Despite the excellent support and recognition from the public, EIC is experiencing adversity of keeping their business profitable after the â€Å"dot-com† bubble burst. The first store was opened in Europe with 330 PCs at a single location and this business plan of owning many large cafes that could house 250-500 PC terminals at each cafà © has not worked. They have decided to restructure their business by downsizing the cafes. They propose to do this by using the franchise business model. These franchised stores will be smaller and house 20-30 PC terminals and only need staff for basic maintenance. EIC believes that by being less involved with the operations of the stores, they can focus on their core competence and outsource all non-core activities. Their core competence is their yield ma nagement model associated with the â€Å"Easy† brand. EIC’s goal was to open 10 stores per week over the next 2-3 years and in order to achieve this, a cost-efficient and flexible logistics system is what EIC needs to have in place so that their franchisee stores are provided with equipment and setup. Because logistics is one of the non-core activities, the present logistics system will be critically reviewed and the outsourcing options would be evaluated. Another issue easyInternetcafe is facing is there is no real strategic operating plan on how easyInternetcafe plans to supply and open each new franchise’s. This is an integral part of cost cutting to help with the losses that have been experienced by the  company. As a result of not having a strategic plan in place, this is resulting in increased costs being incurred for the setup of new stores, increased logistics and transportation costs, and bottlenecks happening with logistics, as they can only open as many stores as they can ship to and set up. This results in a strain on scalability, efficiency and bottlenecks for successful growth. Root Cause and Environmental Analysis: EasyInternetcafe currently is trying to re-vamp the internet cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s in hopes to increase profits and investments. In 2003 it was determined in order to eliminate the need for future investments in new stores the strategy would change, and stores would now be appointed as franchisees, and if possible for existing legacy stores (i.e. company-owned) as well. However, kicking of the operations of franchises will require time and even though with this new strategy of opening smaller stores with only 20-30 PCs will still need months and resources to start. Each store opening is like a â€Å"project† with the ending point being the opening of the store and some of these issues being logistical ones. From the predecessors plan, we can see the timetable for each activity. Since some activities overlap but we can calculate the total length of time as follows. Activity A +B + C + E + F + J + K = 7 + 28 + 28 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +1 = 70 This means that the average duration it should take to open the cafà © is 70 days. The current plan in place is to have 10 stores open per week over the next 2-3 years, these new franchised cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s would be unmanned and no staff would be required at any store aside from the regular maintenance. The cost of logistics is not calculated accurately as it is shown as approximately  £1300 for opening new stores; however this did not include outbound transport to the franchise.  £602 per store was included for easyInternetcafe labor costs. After looking at calculations and the forecasting of opening 4 new stores per week over the next 3 years the annual logistics costs (excluding outbound transport costs) would total approximately  £270,000; which included labour of  £125,250 based of 208 store openings per year. Options and Alternatives: In order to help reduce costs four alternatives have been found. Two of the options are considered to be pure logistics service provides and two are categorized as integrated supply chain solution provides. UPS requires  easyInternetcafe to procure equipment and arrange with suppliers to deliver it to the UPS warehouse. Once equipment arrives, UPS will consolidate orders, configure equipment, kit it together on pallets and arrange the transportation to the franchise store locations. Some pros and cons of UPS Global Logistics is, UPS will provide warehousing, however UPS will not maintain billing services, and the total cost of implementing the UPS proposal is  £1110 of which  £477 is easyInternetcafe labour costs. Similar services are offered by Excel to that of UPS, with the addition of supplier management services. Some of the pros are Excel would appoint two dedicated personnel, a contracts manager, and an administrator, they would also manage present stock, forecast store openings, manage purchase requirements, and co-ordinate and manage delivery as well as returns. Excel would also be the point of contact for franchisees and manage the whole accounts. The con of this service is implementation would cost  £57,000 per year. Estimated costs per store would be  £1,434 of which  £957 was logistics costs and  £477 labor cost. Complete IT supply chain services are provided globally by Globalserve, including IT procurement. Some pros in regards to Globalserve are they make Value Added Resellers (VAR) for franchises in several countries. Also, product is directly delivered to the different franchises. Some of the cons are cost; Globalserve would charge a transaction fee of 3.25% and a local reseller mark-up of 5%, of the equipment purchase value for each transaction. Also included would be a one-off cost for service set up amounting to  £10,000 and a  £2,000 set up cost per country. Total cost per store would be  £1,875+ labor costs of  £381, totalling  £2,256 per store; the highest of all three alternatives thus far. The last option is Ingram Micro which is the largest B2B trade-only wholesale provider of technology products and services. The pros of this provider are they are a warehouse and transportation facility and they also provide computer configuration as well as a billing facility which would direct bill to each franchise. Two options to consider with this company are Option 1 which would total  £560 which included supply, stock, configure kit together,  and transport and collect payments for easyInternetcafe. Option 2 which would total  £1,453 would include providing logistics, but not procurement. Recommendation and Implementation: From the four proposals, Ingram appears to be the most suitable for EasyInternetCafe. Of the other options, UPS does not want any risk by maintaining the billing system. Because of this, EIC will still need to provide these services even though it is not part of their core-competencies. Exel practically offers the same service as UPS (including billing services) but includes the hiring of a contracts manager and administrator, of which, contribute to a higher logistical cost than UPS. Globalserve will add Value Added Resllers for the franchise in several countries. They will deliver the products locally and collect the costs of equipment and delivery charges from the franchisee directly. Although their labour cost is lower than UPS and Exel, their logistics cost is higher than the two. The last option, Ingram, provides a warehouse facility, directs billing to the franchise, has a transportation facility, and provides IT equipment. For all this, they only charge 560 GBP. If EIC buys their IT equipment separately, they will need to spend 1,357 GBP in comparison. That being said, choosing Ingram allows EIC to focus on their core competencies while using a financially beneficial logistics provider. Monitor and Control: In order to monitor how well a job Ingram is doing, EasyInternetCafe will need to be provided with weekly updates on inventory levels for all things EIC uses. Having these reports will allow EIC to determine where they stand logistically and can integrate their sales and operations together to improve growth (e.g. number of franchisee openings). Further, even though the logistics portion is being outsourced, it is very important to think of them as an extension of the body (business) and not separate. Including the logistics managers in Company meetings or huddles allows EIC to keep track of any issues that may arise. Site visits to the warehouses and operational areas will also help to maintain the relationship and show Ingram that EIC cares and values what they do. Once everything is running smoothly, meetings will be able to be moved to quarterly then semi-annually. It will be important to continue meetings so that if problems arise they will be  caught in a timely manner, this will help with the success of the business as well as ensure the company remains profitable.